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Summary

New Environment Class 02

## OVERVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS CLASS (05:12 PM)

## ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID (05:29 PM)

- Trophic level is a position an organism occupies in a food chain.
- Trophic level represents a functional level, not a species as such.
- An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation of the relationship between different organisms in an ecosystem.
- Each bar in an ecological pyramid represents a trophic level, their order and the flow of energy.
- There are **three types** of ecological pyramids-
- **a)PYRAMID OF BIOMASS**
- It shows the amount of biomass present per unit area at each trophic level with producers at the base and top carnivores at the top.
- Biomass is measured using the dry weight of an organism. Each trophic level has a certain mass of biomass at a particular time called a **standing crop.**
- The pyramid of biomass **can be upright as well as inverted**. Example: Grassland ecosystem(Upright pyramid), Aquatic ecosystem(Inverted pyramid).
- **b)PYRAMID OF NUMBER**
- It represents the number of individuals per unit area of various trophic levels.
- An upright pyramid of numbers is found in the grassland ecosystem, a polar ecosystem near Antarctica.
- Inverted pyramid of numbers if found in tree ecosystem.
- **c)PYRAMID OF ENERGY**
- It represents the flow of energy through each trophic level of an ecosystem.
- The pyramid of energy is always upright, the amount of energy decreases with successive trophic levels and only 10% of energy is transferred to each trophic level from the lower ones. (10 % rule of Lindeman)
- It is because of this the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem is limited
- **SIGNIFICANCE OF PYRAMID OF ENERGY**
- Helps in understanding ecological productivity at each trophic level.
- Helps in understanding the efficiency of energy transfer.
- Helps in assessing the environmental impact of development.

## ECOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY (06:07 PM)

- Ecological productivity refers to the primary fixation of solar energy by plants and the subsequent use of that energy by plant-eating herbivores, carnivores and detrivores.
- It is measured as grams of organic matter per square meter per year.
- The productivity of producers through photosynthesis is called **primary productivity.** Example: Productivity of green plants and phytoplanktons.
- Secondary and tertiary productivity refers to productivity at the level of primary consumers and secondary consumers respectively.
- Gross primary productivity (GPP) is the total amount of energy that is fixed by producers.
- Net primary productivity(NPP) is adjusted for energy loss due to respiration.
- GPP=NPP + Energy loss.
- Factors affecting ecological productivity include the abundance of sunlight, water and nutrients.
- Regions with high ecological productivity include tropical rainforests, coral reefs and wetlands.
- Regions with low ecological productivity include deserts, deep oceans, etc.

## ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION (06:25 PM)

- It is a process by which the structure of the biological community evolves over time.
- The developmental stages of a community are known as the **seral stage.**
- The series of communities that are characteristic of a given site is called a **sere.**
- A species dominant in the first seral stage is called a **pioneer species.**
- The community at the climax stage is called as climax community.
- **TYPES OF SUCCESSION**
- **a)Primary succession**
- Occurs in a totally lifeless area. It usually contains no soil. Examples: Newly formed volcanic island.
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)
- **b)Secondary succession.**
- It occurs in areas where a community that previously existed has been removed.
- It is faster than primary succession. Example:Regions of forest fire, abundant agriculture fields.
- 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)
- **Autogenic succession**
- It involves the succession of a community from itself as a result of its reaction to the environment causing its own replacement. for example: As herbivores decrease a grassland may gradually get converted into forest.
- **Allogenic succession**
- Replacement of the existing community with a new one under the influence of external conditions.Example: Glacial retreat resulting in land clearing and growth of new forest.

## FUNCTIONS OF ECOSYSTEM (07:10 PM)

- It is the role played by an organism in a community of ecosystems.
- Species niche encompasses both the physical and environmental conditions. It requires interactions it has with other species.
- No two species can have the exact same niche if it occurs one species will dominate the other and the other has to adapt and change or become extinct.
- Species with a narrow or limited niche are called specialist species. Examples are pandas, the Koala beer of Australia, snow leopards, and lion-tailed macaques.
- Species with a broader niche is called as a generalist and it can survive in a wide variety of conditions. Examples: Goats, Rats, Human beings, and the house sparrow.
- **SIGNIFICANCE (07:32 PM)**
- Helps in understanding ecosystem functioning.
- Conservation of the ecosystem by understanding the ecological niche of different species.
- Biodiversity management.
- Invasive species management.
- Studying evolutionary ecology.

## BIOTIC INTERACTION (07:34 PM)

- |  |  |  |  |
  | --- | --- | --- | --- |
  | S.No | INTERACTION | SPECIES A | SPECIES B |
  | 1. | Mutualism | + | + |
  | 2. | Commensalism | + | 0 |
  | 3. | Proto-Cooperation | + | + |
  | 4. | Ammensalism | 0 | - |
  | 5. | Parasitism | + | - |
  | 6. | Predation | + | - |
  | 7. | Cannibalism | + | - |
- **Mutulaism example:**
- Coral polyp and Zooxanthellae.
- Dwarf mongoose and hornbill
- **Proto cooperation example:**
- Cattle and Egret.
- **Commensalism example:**
- epiphytes and trees.
- **Ammensalism example:**
- Banyan tree and small plants.
- **Parasitism example:**
- Lion hunting deer.
- Parasitic plants, worms etc.
- **Predation example:**
- Lion and deer.
- **Competition example:**
- Lions and cheetahs.

## The topic for the next class

: Biogeochemical cycles.